Evaluation of Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic Syndrome and Cardiovascular Hepato-renal Metabolic Syndrome (CHARM): From Encryption to Decryption

Abstract

Due to derangement of normal homeostasis in the human body, we have an orchestra of syndromes like Metabolic Syndrome (MeTS), Cardiometabolic Syndrome (CMS), Cardiorenal Syndrome (CRS), Hepato-Renal Syndrome (HRS) and recently in 2023, American Heart Association (AHA) introduced Cardiovascular Kidney Metabolic syndrome (CKM), all have serious impact on an individual’s health and healthcare costs. It is necessary to recognize the basic pathophysiology and the rising prevalence of these syndromes worldwide, as timely diagnostic and therapeutic interventions having strong physiological basis, can halt their progression and potentially be reversed. This review article has been planned by searching MEDLINE database to bring out a brief and lucid pathophysiology regarding the above mentioned syndromes and with the exponential rise in prevalence of Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease (NAFLD) or the newer term Metabolic dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease (MASLD), the possibility of the origin of another new syndrome called as Cardiovascular Hepato-Renal Metabolic syndrome (CHARM) has occurred, because the role of liver pathophysiology has been underestimated and masked under metabolic aspect of CKM syndrome by American heart association.